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2 How Does Your Textbook Define a Work of Art?

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Type of academic report book

Textbooks written in Pashto distributed to Afghan school children

A textbook is a book containing a comprehensive compilation of content in a co-operative of study with the intention of explaining it. Textbooks are produced to come across the needs of educators, normally at educational institutions. Schoolbooks are textbooks and other books used in schools.[i] [two] Today, many textbooks are published in both impress and digital formats.

History [edit]

The history of textbooks dates back to ancient civilizations. For example, Ancient Greeks wrote educational texts. The modern textbook has its roots in the mass production fabricated possible past the press press. Johannes Gutenberg himself may have printed editions of Ars Pocket-sized, a schoolbook on Latin grammar by Aelius Donatus. Early on textbooks were used by tutors and teachers (east.one thousand. alphabet books), every bit well as by individuals who taught themselves.

The Greek philosopher Socrates lamented the loss of cognition considering the media of manual were changing.[iii] Before the invention of the Greek alphabet 2,500 years ago, noesis and stories were recited aloud, much similar Homer's epic poems. The new engineering of writing meant stories no longer needed to exist memorized, a evolution Socrates feared would weaken the Greeks' mental capacities for memorizing and retelling. (Ironically, nosotros know about Socrates' concerns only because they were written down by his student Plato in his famous Dialogues.) [iv]

The adjacent revolution in the field of books came with the 15th-century invention of printing with changeable type. The invention is attributed to High german metalsmith Johannes Gutenberg, who bandage blazon in molds using a melted metal blend and constructed a wooden-screw press press to transfer the paradigm onto newspaper.

Gutenberg's beginning and but large-scale press try was the now iconic Gutenberg Bible in the 1450s — a Latin translation from the Hebrew Old Attestation and the Greek New Testament. Gutenberg's invention made mass production of texts possible for the outset time. Although the Gutenberg Bible itself was expensive, printed books began to spread widely over European trade routes during the next 50 years, and past the 16th century, printed books had get more widely accessible and less costly.[5]

While many textbooks were already in utilize, compulsory pedagogy and the resulting growth of schooling in Europe led to the press of many more textbooks for children. Textbooks take been the master teaching instrument for nigh children since the 19th century. Two textbooks of historical significance in United States schooling were the 18th century New England Primer and the 19th century McGuffey Readers.

Recent technological advances take changed the way people collaborate with textbooks. Online and digital materials are making it increasingly easy for students to access materials other than the traditional impress textbook. Students at present take access to electronic books ("due east-books"), online tutoring systems and video lectures. An example of an east-volume is Principles of Biology from Nature Publishing.

Most notably, an increasing number of authors are avoiding commercial publishers and instead offering their textbooks under a creative commons or other open up license.

Market [edit]

The market for textbooks [edit]

As in many industries, the number of providers has declined in recent years (there are simply a handful of major textbook companies in the U.s.a.).[6] Also, elasticity of demand is fairly depression. The term "cleaved market place" appeared in the economist James Koch'due south assay of the market deputed by the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance.[seven]

In the United states, the largest textbook publishers are Pearson Educational activity, Cengage, McGraw-Loma Education, and Wiley. Together they control ninety% of marketplace revenue.[eight] Another textbook publisher is Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.[9]

The marketplace for textbooks doesn't reverberate archetype supply and demand because of bureau bug.[x]

New editions and the used book market place in the United States [edit]

Some students save money past buying used copies of textbooks, which tend to be less expensive, and are available from many higher bookstores in the US, who buy them dorsum from students at the end of a term. Books that are not beingness re-used at the school are often purchased by an off-campus wholesaler for 0-thirty% of the new price, for distribution to other bookstores. Some textbook companies accept countered this past encouraging teachers to assign homework that must be done on the publisher's website. Students with a new textbook can use the pass code in the book to annals on the site; otherwise they must pay the publisher to access the website and complete assigned homework.

Students who look beyond the campus bookstore tin typically find lower prices. With the ISBN or title, author and edition, most textbooks can be located through online used book sellers or retailers.

Well-nigh leading textbook companies publish a new edition every iii or 4 years, more frequently in math and scientific discipline. Harvard economic science chair James G. Stock has stated that new editions are often non about significant improvements to the content. "New editions are to a considerable extent just another tool used by publishers and textbook authors to maintain their revenue stream, that is, to continue up prices."[eleven] A study conducted by The Student PIRGs constitute that a new edition costs 12% more a new copy of the previous edition (not surprising if the old version is obsolete), and 58% more than a used copy of the previous edition. Textbook publishers maintain these new editions are driven past demand from teachers. That study found that 76% of teachers said new editions were justified "half of the fourth dimension or less" and 40% said they were justified "rarely" or "never".[12] The PIRG written report has been criticized by publishers, who argue that the report contains factual inaccuracies regarding the annual boilerplate cost of textbooks per educatee.[13]

The Student PIRGs besides indicate out that contempo emphasis on east-textbooks does not always save students money. Even though the book costs less up-front end, the student volition non recover any of the cost through resale.[fourteen]

Bundling in the United States [edit]

Another publishing industry practice that has been highly criticized is "bundling", or shrink-wrapping supplemental items into a textbook.[ commendation needed ] Supplemental items range from CD-ROMs and workbooks to online passcodes and bonus cloth. Students often cannot purchase these things separately, and frequently the one-time-use supplements destroy the resale value of the textbook.[15]

According to the Student PIRGs, the typical bundled textbook is ten%-l% more[ clarification needed ] than an unbundled textbook, and 65% of professors said they "rarely" or "never" use the bundled items in their courses.[12]

A 2005 Government Accountability Part (GAO) Report in the The states institute that the product of these supplemental items was the chief cause of quickly increasing prices:

While publishers, retailers, and wholesalers all play a role in textbook pricing, the primary factor contributing to increases in the cost of textbooks has been the increased investment publishers have fabricated in new products to enhance instruction and learning...While wholesalers, retailers, and others practice non question the quality of these materials, they take expressed business concern that the publishers' practice of packaging supplements with a textbook to sell as one unit limits the opportunity students have to buy less expensive used books....If publishers go along to increase these investments, specially in technology, the cost to produce a textbook is likely to continue to increment in the future.[16]

Bundling has too been used to segment the used book market. Each combination of a textbook and supplemental items receives a divide ISBN. A unmarried textbook could therefore accept dozens of ISBNs that denote different combinations of supplements packaged with that particular book. When a bookstore attempts to runway down used copies of textbooks, they volition search for the ISBN the course instructor orders, which will locate simply a subset of the copies of the textbook.

Legislation at state and federal levels seeks to limit the practice of bundling, by requiring publishers to offer all components separately.[17] Publishers have testified in favor of bills including this provision,[18] but only in the instance that the provision exempts the loosely defined category of "integrated textbooks." The Federal bill[19] only exempts 3rd party materials in integrated textbooks, however publisher lobbyists take attempted to create a loophole through this definition in state bills.[twenty] [21]

Price disclosure [edit]

Given that the problem of high textbook prices is linked to the "broken" economic science of the market, requiring publishers to disembalm textbook prices to faculty is a solution pursued by a number of legislatures.[22] By inserting price into sales interactions, this regulation will supposedly brand the economic forces operate more commonly.

No data suggests that this is in fact true. However, The Student PIRGs have found that publishers actively withhold pricing information from faculty, making it hard to obtain. Their most recent written report establish that 77% of faculty say publisher sales representatives do not volunteer prices, and simply 40% got an answer when they directly asked. Furthermore, the study institute that 23% of faculty rated publisher websites as "informative and like shooting fish in a barrel to utilise" and less than half said they typically listed the price.[23]

The US Congress passed a law in the 2008 College Education Opportunity Act that would require price disclosure.[17] [24] [25] Legislation requiring price disclosure has passed in Connecticut,[26] Washington,[27] [28] Minnesota,[29] Oregon,[27] Arizona,[30] Oklahoma,[31] and Colorado.[21] Publishers are currently supporting price disclosure mandates, though they insist that the "suggested retail toll"[32] should exist disclosed, rather than the bodily price the publisher would get for the volume.

Used textbook market [edit]

Once a textbook is purchased from a retailer for the commencement fourth dimension, there are several ways a student can sell his/her textbooks dorsum at the end of the semester or later. Students can sell to 1) the college/university bookstore; 2) boyfriend students; iii) a number of online websites; or 4) a pupil bandy service.

Campus buyback [edit]

Every bit for buyback on a specific campus, faculty decisions largely decide how much a student receives. If a professor chooses to use the aforementioned book the following semester, even if it is a custom text, designed specifically for an individual instructor, bookstores frequently purchase the book back. The GAO study constitute that, generally, if a book is in practiced status and will be used on the campus again the side by side term, bookstores will pay students 50 percent of the original cost paid. If the bookstore has not received a faculty lodge for the book at the end of the term and the edition is still electric current, they may offering students the wholesale price of the volume, which could range from 5 to 35 percent of the new retail price, according to the GAO written report.[16]

When students resell their textbooks during campus "buyback" periods, these textbooks are often sold into the national used textbook distribution chain. If a textbook is not going to be used on campus for the next semester of courses and then many times the higher bookstore will sell that book to a national used book company. The used volume company then resells the book to another college bookstore. Finally, that book is sold every bit used to a student at another higher at a price that is typically 75% of the new volume price. At each step, a markup is applied to the book to enable the respective companies to continue to operate.

Student to pupil sales [edit]

Students can also sell or trade textbooks among themselves. Afterward completing a course, sellers volition ofttimes seek out members of the next enrolling form, people who are likely to be interested in purchasing the required books. This may be done past posting flyers to advertise the sale of the books or but soliciting individuals who are shopping in the college bookstore for the same titles. Many larger schools have independent websites set up for the purpose of facilitating such merchandise. These often operate much similar digital classified ads, enabling students to list their items for sale and scan for those they wish to learn. Also, at the US Air Forcefulness Academy, information technology is possible to e-mail entire specific classes, allowing for an extensive network of textbook sales to be.

Student online marketplaces [edit]

Online marketplaces are one of the two major types of online websites students tin use to sell used textbooks. Online marketplaces may have an online sale format or may permit the student to list their books for a fixed cost. In either case, the student must create the listing for each book themselves and wait for a heir-apparent to order, making the apply of marketplaces a more passive way of selling used textbooks. Unlike campus buyback and online book, students are unlikely to sell all their books to one buyer using online marketplaces, and will probable have to ship out multiple books individually.

Online book buyers [edit]

Online book buyers buy textbooks, and sometimes other types of books, with the aim of reselling them for a profit. Like online marketplaces, online volume buyers operate year-round, giving students the opportunity to sell their books even when campus "buyback" periods are not in consequence. Online volume buyers, who are often online book sellers as well, volition sometimes disclaim whether or not a book can be sold back prior to purchase. Students enter the ISBN numbers of the books they wish to sell and receive a price quote or offer. These online book buyers oft offering "free shipping" (which in authenticity is built into the offer for the book), and permit students to sell multiple books to the same source. Because online book buyers are buying books for resale, the prices they offer may be lower than students can become on online marketplaces. However, their prices are competitive, and they tend to focus on the convenience of their service. Some even claim that buying used textbooks online and selling them to online book buyers has a lower total cost than even textbook rental services.

Textbook exchanges [edit]

In response to escalating textbook prices, limited contest, and to provide a more than efficient organisation to connect buyers and sellers together, online textbook exchanges were developed. Most of today's sites handle heir-apparent and seller payments, and usually deduct a small commission only after the sale is completed.

According to textbook writer Henry L. Roediger (and Wadsworth Publishing Company senior editor Vicki Knight), the used textbook market is illegitimate, and entirely to blame for the rising costs of textbooks. Equally methods of "dealing with this problem", he recommends making previous editions of textbooks obsolete, bounden the textbook with other materials, and passing laws to forestall the auction of used books.[33] The concept is non different the limited licensing arroyo for reckoner software, which places rigid restrictions on resale and reproduction. The intent is to make users sympathize that the content of any textbook is the intellectual holding of the author and/or the publisher, and that as such, subject area to copyright. Obviously, this idea is completely opposed to the millennia-former tradition of the auction of used books, and would brand that entire industry illegal.

East-textbooks [edit]

Another alternative to save money and obtaining the materials you lot are required are due east-textbooks. The article "E books rewrite the rules of education" states that, alternately to spending a lot of money on textbooks, you can purchase an eastward-textbook at a pocket-size amount of the cost. With the growth of digital applications for iPhone, and gadgets like the Amazon kindle, east-textbooks are not an innovation, just have been "gaining momentum".[34] According to the article " Are textbooks obsolete?", publishers and editorials are concerned nigh the issue of expensive textbooks. "The expense of textbooks is a concern for students, and e-textbooks, address the face of the issue, Williams says " Equally publishers we sympathize the high cost of these materials, and the electronic format permit us diminish the general expense of our content to the market".[35] Due east-textbook applications facilitate similar experiences to physical textbooks by assuasive the user to highlight and take notes in-page. These applications as well extend textbook learning by providing quick definitions, reading the text aloud, and search functionality.[36]

Rental programs [edit]

In-store rentals are processed by either using a kiosk and ordering books online with a third party facilitator or renting directly from the store's inventory. Some stores use a hybrid of both methods, opting for in-store selections of the nigh popular books and the online option for more obscure titles or books they consider too risky to put in the rental arrangement. Rented items can be used for a set up elapsing of fourth dimension, then are required to exist returned to the physical store or shipped back to the third party facilitator past the rental due appointment. Writing and highlighting is sometimes allowed in rented items, although excessive markup which makes the item unrentable is discouraged.[37] Overdue items are often charged a fee up to the retail price of the rented particular. Rented items typically exercise not include supplemental materials such as access codes, CDs, or loose-leafs.[38]

Textbook sharing [edit]

Using textbook sharing, students share the concrete textbook with other students, and the price of the book is divided amid the users of the textbook. Over the life of the textbook, if 4 students use the textbook, the cost of the textbook for each educatee will be 25% of the total cost of the book.

Open up textbooks [edit]

The latest trend in textbooks is "open textbooks." An open textbook is a complimentary, openly licensed textbook offered online by the copyright holders. According to PIRG, a number of textbooks already be, and are beingness used at schools such as MIT and Harvard.[39] A 2010 study published constitute that open textbooks offer a viable and attractive means to come across faculty and pupil needs while offering savings of approximately eighty% compared to traditional textbook options.[40]

Although the largest question seems to exist who is going to pay to write them, several country policies suggest that public investment in open up textbooks might make sense.[41] [ citation needed ] To offer some other perspective[ citation needed ], whatsoever jurisdiction might find itself challenged to find sufficient numbers of credible academics who would be willing to undertake the effort of creating an open textbook without realistic compensation, in social club to make such a proposal work. Currently, some open textbooks have been funded with non-profit investment.

The other challenge involves the reality of publishing, which is that textbooks with skilful sales and profitability subsidize the creation and publication of low need but believed to exist necessary textbooks.[ citation needed ] Subsidies skew markets and the emptying of subsidies is disruptive; in the instance of depression need textbooks the possibilities following subsidy removal include whatsoever or all of the post-obit: higher retail prices, a switch to open textbooks, a reduction of the number of titles published.

On the other hand, independent open textbook authoring and publishing models are developing. Nigh notably, the startup publisher Apartment Earth Knowledge already has dozens of college-level open textbooks that are used by more than 900 institutions in 44 countries.[42] [43] [44] Their business model[45] was to offering the open textbook gratis online,[46] [47] and then sell ancillary products that students are likely to buy if prices are reasonable - impress copies, written report guides, ePub, .Mobi (Kindle), PDF download, etc. Apartment World Knowledge compensates its authors with royalties on these sales.[48] With the generated acquirement Flat Earth Noesis funded high-quality publishing activities with a goal of making the Apartment Earth financial model sustainable. However, in January, 2013 Flat World Knowledge announced their financial model could no longer sustain their complimentary-to-read options for students.[49] Flat World Knowledge intends to take open textbooks bachelor for the 125 highest-enrolled courses on college campuses within the next few years.[50]

CK-12 FlexBooks are the open textbooks designed for United States K-12 courses.[51] CK-12 FlexBooks are designed to facilitate conformance to national and U.s.a. and individual state textbook standards. CK-12 FlexBooks are licensed under a Artistic Eatables Past-NC-SA license. CK-12 FlexBooks are free to use online and offer formats suitable for employ on portable personal reading devices and computers - both online and offline. Formats for both iPad and Kindle are offered. Schoolhouse districts may select a title as is or customize the open up textbook to run into local instructional standards. The file may be then accessed electronically or printed using whatever print on demand service without paying a royalty, saving 80% or more than when compared to traditional textbook options. An example print on demand open textbook title, "College Algebra" by Stitz & Zeager through Lulu is 608 pages, royalty free, and costs about $20 ordered one at a time (March, 2011).[52] (Any impress on need service could exist used - this is merely an instance. Schoolhouse districts could easily negotiate even lower prices for bulk purchases to be printed in their own communities.) Teacher's editions are available for educators and parents. Titles have been authored by various individuals and organizations and are vetted for quality prior to inclusion in the CK-12 catalog. An effort is underway to map land educational standards correlations.[53] Stanford University provided a number of titles in utilize.[54]

Curriki is another modular G-12 content non-profit "empowering educators to evangelize and share curricula." Selected Curriki materials are also correlated to U.S. land educational standards.[55] Some Curriki content has been collected into open up textbooks and some may be used for modular lessons or special topics.

International market pricing [edit]

Like to the result of reimportation of pharmaceuticals into the U.Southward. market place, the GAO study[sixteen] also highlights a similar phenomenon in textbook distribution. Retailers and publishers accept expressed business organization about the re-importation of lower-priced textbooks from international locations. Specifically, they cited the ability students take to purchase books from online distribution channels outside the United States at lower prices, which may result in a loss of sales for U.S. retailers. Additionally, the availability of lower-priced textbooks through these channels has heightened distrust and frustration among students regarding textbook prices, and college stores detect it difficult to explain why their textbook prices are higher, co-ordinate to the National Association of College Stores. Retailers and publishers have also been concerned that some U.Due south. retailers may have engaged in reimportation on a large calibration by ordering textbooks for entire courses at lower prices from international distribution channels. While the 1998 Supreme Court decision Quality Rex v. 50'anza protects the reimportation of copyrighted materials nether the start-sale doctrine, textbook publishers take still attempted to prevent the U.S. sale of international editions by enforcing contracts which forbid strange wholesalers from selling to American distributors.[56] Concerned about the effects of differential pricing on college stores, the National Association of College Stores has called on publishers to cease the practice of selling textbooks at lower prices outside the United States.[57] For instance, some U.S. booksellers suit for drop-shipments in foreign countries which are then re-shipped to America where the books can exist sold online at used prices (for a "new" unopened volume). The authors often getting half-royalties instead of full-royalties, minus the charges for returned books from bookstores.

Product [edit]

Cost distribution [edit]

According to the National Association of College Stores, the unabridged cost of the book is justified by expenses, with typically 11.seven% of the toll of a new book going to the author's royalties (or a commission of editors at the publishing house), 22.7% going to the shop, and 64.half dozen% going to the publisher. The store and publisher amounts are slightly higher for Canada.[ commendation needed ] Bookstores and used-volume vendors profit from the resale of textbooks on the used market, with publishers but earning profits on sales of new textbooks.[ citation needed ]

Inquiry [edit]

According to the GAO study published July 2005:

Following closely behind annual increases in tuition and fees at postsecondary institutions, college textbook and supply prices accept risen at twice the rate of annual inflation over the last 2 decades.

Rising at an average of vi pct each year since academic year 1987-1988, compared with overall average cost increases of iii per centum per year, college textbook and supply prices trailed tuition and fee increases, which averaged 7 percent per year. Since Dec 1986, textbook and supply prices have nearly tripled, increasing by 186 pct, while tuition and fees increased by 240 pct and overall prices grew by 72 percentage. While increases in textbook and supply prices have followed increases in tuition and fees, the cost of textbooks and supplies for caste-seeking students as a percentage of tuition and fees varies by the type of establishment attended. For example, the boilerplate estimated toll of books and supplies per first-time, total-time student for academic year 2003-2004 was $898 at 4-year public institutions, or about 26 per centum of the cost of tuition and fees. At 2-year public institutions, where depression-income students are more than likely to pursue a caste program and tuition and fees are lower, the boilerplate estimated cost of books and supplies per get-go-time, full-time student was $886 in academic year 2003-2004, representing almost 3-quarters of the cost of tuition and fees.[16]

Co-ordinate to the 2nd edition of a study by the Us Public Interest Research Group (United states of america PIRG) published in Feb 2005[ citation needed ]: "Textbook prices are increasing at more than than 4 times the aggrandizement charge per unit for all finished goods, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Alphabetize. The wholesale prices charged by textbook publishers have jumped 62 percentage since 1994, while prices charged for all finished appurtenances increased only 14 per centum. Similarly, the prices charged by publishers for general books increased just xix per centum during the same fourth dimension period."

According to the 2007 edition of the College Lath'south Tendency in College Pricing Study published October 2007[ commendation needed ]: "College costs continue to rise and federal student assist has shown slower growth when adjusted for inflation, while textbooks, as a percentage of total higher costs, have remained steady at near 5 percentage."

G-12 textbooks [edit]

In nearly U.S. K-12 public schools, a local school board votes on which textbooks to purchase from a selection of books that accept been approved by the land Section of Instruction. Teachers receive the books to give to the students for each subject. Teachers are normally non required to apply textbooks, however, and many prefer to use other materials instead.

Textbook publishing in the U.S. is a business primarily aimed at large states. This is due to country purchasing controls over the books, near notably in Texas, where the Texas Didactics Agency sets curricula for all courses taught by the state'south i,000+ school districts, and therefore also approves which textbooks can exist purchased.

Commonly used American history textbooks are customized for students in California and Texas.[58]

High schoolhouse [edit]

In contempo years, high school textbooks of United states of america history take come under increasing criticism. Authors such as Howard Zinn (A People's History of the U.s.a.), Gilbert T. Sewall (Textbooks: Where the Curriculum Meets the Kid) and James W. Loewen (Lies My Instructor Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong), make the claim that U.S. history textbooks contain mythical untruths and omissions, which paint a whitewashed picture that bears trivial resemblance to what almost students acquire in universities. Inaccurately retelling history, through textbooks or other literature, has been practiced in many societies, from aboriginal Rome to the Soviet Union (USSR) and the Communist china. The content of history textbooks is oft determined past the political forces of country adoption boards and ideological force per unit area groups.[ commendation needed ]

Science textbooks take been the source of ongoing debates and have come under scrutiny from several organizations. The presentation or inclusion of controversial scientific material has been debated in several court cases. Poorly designed textbooks accept been cited as contributing to declining grades in mathematics and scientific discipline in the United States and organizations such as the American University of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) have criticized the layout, presentation, and amount of material given in textbooks.

Discussions of textbooks accept been included on creation and evolution in the public pedagogy debate. The Smith v. Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County case brought forward a debate about scientific fact being presented in textbooks.

In his book, Surely Y'all're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, the late physics Nobel Prize laureate Richard P. Feynman described his experiences as a fellow member of a committee that evaluated scientific discipline textbooks.[59] At some instances, there were nonsensical examples to illustrate physical phenomena; then a visitor sent — for reasons of timing — a textbook that contained blank pages, which even got adept critiques. Feynman himself experienced attempts at bribery.

Mathematics [edit]

Largely in the US, but increasingly in other nations, K-12 Mathematics textbooks take reflected the controversies of new math and reform mathematics which take sought to replace traditional mathematics in what have been called the math wars. Traditional texts, even so favored in Asia and other areas, just taught the same time-tested mathematics that nigh adults have learned. By dissimilarity "progressive" approaches seek to accost issues in social inequity[ citation needed ] with approaches that often contain principles of constructivism and discovery. Texts such as TERC and CMP discourage or omit standard mathematics methods and concepts such as long division and everyman common denominators. For example, an index entry to multiply fractions would lead to "devise your own method to multiply fractions which piece of work on these examples", and the formula for the area of a circle would be an exercise for a educatee to derive rather than including information technology in the educatee text. By the 2000s, while some districts were nonetheless adopting the more than novel methods, others had abandoned them every bit unworkable.

Higher education [edit]

In the U.S., college and university textbooks are called by the professor teaching the grade, or by the section every bit a whole. Students are typically responsible for obtaining their own copies of the books used in their courses, although alternatives to owning textbooks, such as textbook rental services and library reserve copies of texts, are available in some instances.

In some European countries, such as Sweden or Kingdom of spain, students attending institutions of college educational activity pay for textbooks themselves, although college education is complimentary of accuse otherwise.

With higher education costs on the rise, many students are condign sensitive to every attribute of college pricing, including textbooks, which in many cases amount to 1 10th of tuition costs. The 2005 Government Accountability Function report on higher textbooks said that since the 1980s, textbook and supply prices take risen twice the rate of aggrandizement in the past 2 decades.[60] A 2005 PIRG report constitute that textbooks cost students $900 per year, and that prices [xvi] increased 4 times the rate of inflation over the past decade.[61] A June 2007 Informational Committee on Student Fiscal Help (ACSFA) report, "Turn the Folio," reported that the average U.South. student spends $700–$1000 per year on textbooks.[62]

While many groups take assigned blame to publishers, bookstores or kinesthesia, the ACSFA also found that assigning blame to whatever one party—faculty, colleges, bookstores or publishers—for current textbook costs is unproductive and without merit. The report chosen on all parties within the industry to piece of work together to find productive solutions, which included a movement toward open textbooks and other lower-cost digital solutions.

Textbook prices are considerably higher in law school. Students ordinarily pay shut to $200 for instance books consisting of cases available costless online.

Textbook bias on controversial topics [edit]

In cases of history, science, current events, and political textbooks, "the writer might be biased towards one manner or another. Topics such every bit actions of a country, presidential actions, and scientific theories are mutual potential biases".[ citation needed ]

See besides [edit]

  • John Amos Comenius - Czech philosopher, pedagogue and theologian who is credited by some with introducing pictorial textbooks
  • Orbis Pictus - 1658 textbook by Comenius, one of the get-go books with pictures for children
  • Casebook - A special type of textbook used in law schools in the U.s..
  • Kirtsaeng five. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. - 2013 decision of the US Supreme Court regarding textbook resale
  • Japanese textbook controversy
  • Pakistani textbooks controversy
  • NCERT textbook controversy
  • Kanawha Canton textbook controversy
  • Sourcebook – drove of texts, ofttimes used in social sciences and humanities in the United States
  • Workbook - Normally filled with practice bug, where the answers can be written straight in the book.
  • Problem volume - A textbook, usually graduate level, organized as a series of problems and full solutions.
  • Open up textbook - A textbook licensed under an open copyright license, and made available online to exist freely used
  • List of medical textbooks
  • List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics
  • List of textbooks in electromagnetism
  • Listing of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ "schoolbook". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English language Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
  2. ^ "schoolbook - definition of schoolbook in English from the Oxford dictionary". Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  3. ^ "True Stuff: Socrates vs. The Written Give-and-take". Archived from the original on 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2013-05-12 . True Stuff: Socrates vs. the Written Word, January 27th, 2011. Past David Malki
  4. ^ Marcia Clemmitt, "Learning Online Literacy," in "Reading Crisis?" CQ Researcher, February. 22, 2008, pp. 169-192.
  5. ^ British Library, "Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible," http://www.bl.great britain/treasures/gutenberg/background.html.
  6. ^ Rose, Marla Matzer. City at the caput of the class: Consolidation, talent puddle accept made Columbus a hotbed for educational publishers. August 5, 2007. Retrieved 2/14/09. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011.
  7. ^ Koch, James P. "An Economic Analysis of Textbook Prices and the Textbook Marketplace" Archived 2012-06-22 at the Wayback Auto, 2006-09. Retrieved on 2012-06-12. (Alternative location (PDF))
  8. ^ "Textbook publishers Cengage, McGraw-Colina extend merger agreement to May ane". Reuters. Jan 29, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  9. ^ Alfonso, 3, Fernando (July 24, 2020). "This i letter in a textbook could change how millions of kids learn about race". CNN . Retrieved Dec 2, 2020.
  10. ^ http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/textbook-prices
  11. ^ D'gama, Alissa; Jaffe, Benjamin (March 4, 2008). "Professors Notice Different Uses for Textbook Profits". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved July xiv, 2019.
  12. ^ a b Rip-off 101: How the Electric current Practices of the Textbook Industry Drive Up the Cost of College Textbooks Archived 2010-03-22 at the Wayback Machine The Student PIRGs (2004)
  13. ^ Capriccioso, Rob. Throwing Downwardly the Book Archived 2008-10-29 at the Wayback Car. Within College Ed, August 29, 2006. Retrieved 2/14/09.
  14. ^ Allen, Nicole. Course Correction: How Digital Textbooks Are Off Track and How to Set Them Directly Archived 2010-03-22 at the Wayback Motorcar. The Educatee PIRGs (2008)
  15. ^ Required Reading: A Look at the Words Publishing Tactics at Piece of work Archived 2010-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, The Educatee PIRGs (2006)
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Farther reading [edit]

  • Baier, Kylie, et al. "College students' textbook reading, or not." American Reading Forum Annual Yearbook Vol. 31. 2011. online
  • Berkeley, Sheri, et al. "Are History Textbooks More than "Considerate" After 20 Years?." Journal of Special Education (2014) 47#4 PP: 217-230.
  • Buczynski, James A. "Faculty begin to replace textbooks with "freely" accessible online resources." Cyberspace Reference Services Quarterly (2007) xi#four pp: 169-179.
  • Campbell, Alex, and Mr Flint. "New Digital Tools Allow Professors Tailor Their Own Textbooks for Nether $20 And that's but one choice, forth with mix-and-match Web sites from large publishers and libraries of open-source content." Chronicle of Higher Education (Oct nine, 2011). online
  • Carbaugh, Robert, and Koushik Ghosh. "Are higher textbooks priced fairly?." Challenge (2005) 48#5 pp: 95–112.
  • Casper, Scott E.; et al. (2014). "Textbooks Today and Tomorrow: A Chat near History, Didactics, and Economics". Journal of American History. 100 (4): 1139–1169. doi:10.1093/jahist/jau008.
  • Chiappetta, Eugene L., and David A. Fillman. "Assay of five high school biology textbooks used in the United States for inclusion of the nature of scientific discipline." International Periodical of Science Education (2007) 29#fifteen pp: 1847–1868.
  • Doering, Torsten, Luiz Pereira, and L. Kuechler. "The use of due east-textbooks in higher education: A case report." Berlin (Germany): Due east-Leader (2012). online
  • Elliott, David L., and Arthur Woodward, eds. Textbooks and schooling in the United States Vol. 89. NSSE, 1990.
  • Kahveci, Ajda. "Quantitative analysis of science and chemistry textbooks for indicators of reform: A complementary perspective." International Periodical of Science Education (2010) 32#11 pp: 1495–1519.
  • Koulaidis, Vasilis, and Anna Tsatsaroni. "A pedagogical analysis of science textbooks: How can we proceed?." Research in Scientific discipline Education (1996) 26#1 pp: 55–71.
  • Liang, Ye, and William Westward. Cobern. "Analysis of a Typical Chinese Loftier School Biology Textbook Using the AAAS Textbook Standards." (2013). online
  • Myers, Gregory A (1992). "Textbooks and the sociology of scientific knowledge". English for Specific Purposes. 11 (1): three–17. doi:ten.1016/0889-4906(92)90003-S.
  • Richardson, Paul Westward. "Reading and writing from textbooks in higher education: a case written report from Economics." Studies in Higher Teaching (2004) 29#four: 505–521. online; on Commonwealth of australia
  • Roediger III, Henry L. "Writing Textbooks: Why Doesn't It Count?." Observer (2004) 17#5 online
  • Silver, Lawrence S., Robert East. Stevens, and Kenneth E. Clow. "Marketing professors' perspectives on the cost of higher textbooks: a pilot study." Journal of Education for Business (2012) 87#one pp: 1-6.
  • Stone, Robert W., and Lori J. Baker-Eveleth. "Students' intentions to purchase electronic textbooks." Journal of Computing in Higher Education (2013) 25#1 pp: 27-47.
  • Weiten, Wayne. "Objective features of introductory psychology textbooks equally related to professors' impressions." Instruction of Psychology (1988) 15#i pp: 10–16.

External links [edit]

  • Textbooks used in Mexico in preschool, primary, secondary and loftier school educational activity
  • Historic textbooks used in Mexico in primary schoolhouse from 1960 to 2013

ramosgoinge.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook

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